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The Freedom Tunnel is the name given to the Amtrak tunnel under Riverside Park in Manhattan, New York City. It got its name because the graffiti artist Chris "Freedom" Pape used the tunnel walls to create some of his most notable artwork.〔(Mind Tracks: Modern Urban Undergrounds in Life, Literature, and Art ) Chapter 10. 2004. Retrieved 2013 July 25.〕 The name may also be a reference to the former shantytowns built within the tunnel by homeless populations seeking shelter and freedom to live rent-free and unsupervised by law enforcement.〔''The Tunnel.'' By Morton, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-590-69149-X〕 == History == The tunnel was built by Robert Moses in the 1930s to expand park space for Upper West Side residents – although Moses's expansion of freeways in the same area effectively blocked access to the river.〔''The Power Broker, Robert Caro〕 After it was completed, the tunnel was used for freight trains until 1980, when regular operations ended. The railroad favored using yards in the Bronx and New Jersey, and increased use of trucking led to the demise of the West Side Line. The giant, man-made caverns became a haven for homeless people. At its height in 1994, nearly a hundred people lived in the tunnel. On April 4, 1991, the tunnel was reopened for trains of the Amtrak Empire Connection, and a massive eviction followed. The shantytowns were bulldozed and the tunnel was chained off.〔''Dark Days'' (2000) Director: Marc Singer〕 To this day, however, graffiti artists and urban explorers continue to visit the tunnel, while the homeless population has been mostly displaced.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Exploring an Active Amtrak Tunnel Under the Upper West Side )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Freedom Tunnel— A Haven For Urban Art - NYU Local )〕 Graffiti artists and urban explorers have been sporadically caught and escorted out by Amtrak security.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.weareallcriminals.org/student-trespassing/ )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 ■ウィキペディアで「Freedom Tunnel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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